The anaerobic conversion of 1 mole of glucose to 2 moles of lactate by fermentation is accompanied by a net gain of 2 moles of ATP.
The chemical breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen is called as fermentation. This process is also known as anaerobic respiration.
Under anaerobic conditions, 2 ATP are produced (net) per mole of glucose. 7 ATP are made per mole of glucose in glycolysis aerobically, whereas, Pyruvate is converted to Lactate by the enzyme Lactate dehydrogenase at a cost of 2 NADH (5 ATP) under anaerobic conditions.
Thus, the net gain is 7 ATP - 5 ATP = 2 ATP.
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Compare how fresh and marine fish overcome problems
Answer:
the ciliated epithelium tissue helps to collect the ovum why?
Correctly order the steps necessary to perform a plaque assay with phages.
A Combine phage-infected bacteria with the top agar.
B Combine phages and bacteria.
C Pour immediately onto the agar plate.
D Incubate overnight at 37°C.
E Rotate to spread evenly and allow agar to solidify.
F (picture of agar plate with spots all throughout)
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The correct order of steps necessary to perform a plaque assay with phages is as follows:
B) Combine phages and bacteria.
A) Combine phage-infected bacteria with the top agar.
E) Rotate to spread evenly and allow agar to solidify.
C) Pour immediately onto the agar plate.
D) Incubate overnight at 37°C.
F) (picture of agar plate with spots all throughout)
To perform a plaque assay with phages, the first step is to combine the phages and bacteria, allowing them to infect the bacterial cells. Next, the phage-infected bacteria are mixed with the top agar, which contains nutrients and agarose. The mixture is then poured onto an agar plate and immediately spread evenly by rotating the plate to allow the agar to solidify. After solidification, the plate is incubated overnight at 37°C, providing optimal conditions for phage replication and plaque formation. Plaques are clear spots on the agar plate where the bacterial cells have been lysed by the phages. The presence and appearance of plaques can be observed and analyzed to quantify the phage concentration and determine various properties of the phages.
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Active transport makes it possible for cells to:______.
a. transport out secretory products and waste material against concentration gradients.
b. take up nutrients from the environment against concentrations gradients.
c. maintain nonequilibrium intracellular concentrations of ions such as Na , K , Ca2 , and H .
d. establish an electrical potential across the membrane.
e. All of the above are correct.
Answer:
e. All of the above are correct.
Explanation:
Active transport is a type of transport in living systems in which molecules/ions/substances are moved or transported against their concentration gradient i.e. from a region where the substance is LOW to a region which it is HIGH, across a membrane. Since molecules are transported across a memembrane against their concentration gradient, an energy input in form of ATP is needed to do so.
Active transport is used in living systems to transport out secretory products and waste material against concentration gradients, take up nutrients from the environment against concentrations gradients etc. Since ions are substance moved by active transport from a low region to high region, there is an imbalance in the intracellular concentration of ions, such as Na, K etc.
Since there is no equilibrium in the concentration of ions on opposite sides of the membrane, an electric potential is formed across the membrane i.e. one part of the membrane will be more positively charged than the other.
Carbon 14 has a half-life of 5, 730 years. You begin with 600 grams of C-14.
At the end of the first half-life, how much of the substance will turn to nitrogen?
Answer:
5,730 years
Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 ± 40 years—i.e., half the amount of the radioisotope present at any given time will undergo spontaneous disintegration during the succeeding 5,730 years.
Redi designed an experiment to investigate the origin of life, as shown here. The presence of maggots on the raw meat wen left uncovered is not replicated when the meat is covered by a gauze layer. The experimental design and results here disproved which theory of the origin of life? A) directed panspermia B) spontaneous generation C) primordial soup origin D) hydrothermal vent origin
Correct answer is;
C) Primordial soup origin
Explanation; I had taken the test on USA test prep
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Which compound is most directly responsible for an organism's phenotype?
A. DNA
B. Lipids
C. Proteins
D. RNA
Answer:
the answer is c proteins
Answer:
Proteins
Explanation:
Is a homologous pair of chromosomes a tetrad?
The homologous chromosome pairs, also known as bivalents or tetrads, line up along the metaphase plate in a random order during metaphase I of meiosis I.
They are known as homologous pairs of chromosomes. When homologous chromosomes line up next to one another during meiosis, they create a tetrad. Two homologous chromosomes make into a tetrad, which has four sister chromatids altogether and is held together by a feature known as the chiasmata. When two homologous chromosomes that have already duplicated their DNA link up, they form a tetrad. The main distinction is that a tetrad consists of two homologous chromosomes that resemble an X rather than an I. A pair of two chromosomes, usually one from the mother and one from the father.
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A mutation that occurs in a sperm cell has the potential of being passed on to the next generation. True or false
Answer:
true
Explanation:
a mutation and a sperm cell will pass on to the next generation because the jeans from the sperm cell are mutated and will
Why aren’t the three rRNA genes of corn one another’s closest relatives?
A. Because corn is a hybrid of yeast, cyanobacteria, and E. coli
B. Endosymbiosis in the ancestor of corn gave it the ability to photosynthesize and respire
C. Endosymbiosis in the ancestors of eukaryotes, and again in photosynthetic eukaryotes led to the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts, which retain parts of their original genomes
The correct option (c) Endosymbiosis in the ancestors of eukaryotes, and again in photosynthetic eukaryotes led to the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts, which retain parts of their original genomes.
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a non-coding RNA that is the principal component of ribosomes, which are required by all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme that conducts protein synthesis in ribosomes.
Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from rDNA and then bound to ribosomal proteins to produce small and large ribosomal subunits. The ribosome's physical and mechanical element that causes transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) to process and translate the latter into proteins is rRNA.
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all of the following paired hormones have antagonistic effects except group of answer choices epinephrine and norepinephrine. calcitonin and pth. insulin and glucagon. prh and dopamine. anp and aldosterone.
All of the following paired hormones have antagonistic effects except epinephrine and norepinephrine.
The adrenal medulla contains two types of secretory cells: one that produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and another that produces norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause immediate, short-term changes in response to stressors, inducing the so-called fight-or-flight response. The responses include increased heart rate, breathing rate, cardiac muscle contractions, and blood-glucose levels.
They also accelerate the breakdown of glucose in skeletal muscles and stored fats in adipose tissue, and redirect blood flow toward skeletal muscles and away from skin and viscera. The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine is stimulated by neural impulses from the sympathetic nervous system that originate from the hypothalamus.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are often utilized as vasopressor medications to treat acute hypotensive conditions, as well as in cardiac arrest therapy algorithms. Their affinity for the alpha-1 receptor is also employed to produce regional vasoconstriction to minimize bleeding during wound closure operations. Catecholamine-releasing drugs in the form of sprays or ointments are used as nasal decongestants via the same mechanism.
So, the correct answer is epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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An acutely presenting, erythematous, tender lump within the eyelid is called: a. Blepharitis. c. Chalazion. b. Hordeolum. d. Iritis.
An acutely presenting, erythematous, tender lump within the eyelid is called a Hordeolum (option b).
When a stye develops, it typically appears as a red, swollen bump on the eyelid, often accompanied by pain and tenderness. The affected area may also feel warm to the touch.
Styes can occur on the outer edge of the eyelid (external hordeolum) or within the inner part of the eyelid (internal hordeolum).
The primary cause of a stye is the bacterial infection of the oil glands or hair follicles. The most common bacteria involved in stye formation are Staphylococcus aureus.
The infection typically occurs when bacteria enter the eyelid through the eyelash follicles or oil glands. Factors such as poor eyelid hygiene, rubbing the eyes with dirty hands, or using contaminated makeup can contribute to the development of a stye.
In most cases, a stye resolves on its own within a week or two without any medical intervention. Warm compresses applied to the affected area several times a day can help alleviate discomfort and promote healing.
It is important to avoid squeezing or attempting to pop the stye, as this can worsen the infection and lead to complications.
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define prediction and how it is used form a hypothesis
Answer: upon previous measurements, observations, and experiments, that attempts to explain a natural system or part of a system. Following the scientific method, a scientist sets up an experiment to test the hypothesis.
Explanation:
The molecule which is attached to an amino acid and has an anticodon that can base pair with a codon is called.
Answer:tRNA
Explanation:
In order to initiate transcription, RNA polymerase II must associate with proteins known as ______ transcription factors at the TATA box of the core promoter.
General transcription factors are highly specialized proteins that are required for RNA pol II activation.
What are general transcription factors?They are proteins also known as basal transcription factors that recognize specific DNA sequences in the regulatory region of all genes.
These are capable of interacting with the transcription pre-initiation complex to induce or inhibit the activity of the enzyme RNA polymerase II.
Therefore, we can conclude that the general transcription factors are proteins that allow the assembly of RNA Polymerase II and the initiation of transcription.
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How does tetanic contraction of muscles help to lift objects heavier than our body weight?
The tetanic contraction of muscles help to lift objects heavier than our body weight by generating force, overcoming resistance.
What is muscle?Muscle is defined as group of tissue combined together in order to form muscles and muscles are the structure maker of the body it means it provide proper structure to the body.
Muscle contraction has been defined as an action potential that travels along with the nerves to the muscle. The beginning of the muscle contraction occurs with signal generated from the nervous system.There are mainly two types of muscle contraction and the situation occur when a muscle contracts and the change in size takes place.
Therefore, The tetanic contraction of muscles help to lift objects heavier than our body weight by generating force, overcoming resistance.
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Viral particles contain both nucleic acid and protein and can replicate inside of a host cell. technically, this constitutes a self-replicating molecular assemblage which is also one way to define life. therefore, one can conclude that?
The correct answer is option d) Viruses are not alive as this formation is a simple and repetitive process without the ability to react to the environment.
What is a virus?
A virus is either a live virus virus or a non-living entity is a more controversial issue as they are acellular in nature. They are considered viable when present in a living host. When they occur in nature they are inanimate, so 4 is correct for this option as they cannot respond to . At a very basic level, viruses contain a protein called a capsid and a gene. A virus is an infectious submicroscopic organism that can only replicate in live cells. All living things, including plants, animals, and microbes like bacteria and archaea, are susceptible to virus infection. Since Dmitry Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898 more than 9,000 million virus species found in the environment have been identified in details described. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on earth and are the most numerous type of biological organisms. The study of viruses is known as virology, a branch of microbiology.
Once infected, the host cell is often forced to rapidly produce thousands of copies of the original virus.
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Complete question
Viral particles contain both nucleic acid and protein are can replicate inside of a host cell. Technically, this constitutes a "self-replicating molecular assemblage" which is also one way to define life. Therefore, one can conclude that
Question 3 options:
viruses are not living because the they don’t breathe oxygen.
viruses are not living because they cannot think.
viruses are living.
Viruses are not living because this formation is a simple repetitive process without the ability to respond to the environment.
Why do you think that some bacteria/diseases are harder to eradicate than others?
Given the point (-4, 4) and slope -2, write the equation in the point-slope form
Answer:
y - 4= -2(x + 4)
Explanation:
Use the formula y-y1=m(x-x1)
m=Slope while x1 and y1 are your given point.
Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?
The correct sequence of events in cellular respiration is option a: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain.
During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP. The process starts with glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate molecules. Glycolysis generates a small amount of ATP and NADH.
The pyruvate molecules produced in glycolysis enter the mitochondria, where the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, takes place. In this cycle, the pyruvate is further broken down, releasing carbon dioxide and generating NADH and FADH2 as electron carriers. The citric acid cycle also produces a small amount of ATP.
The electron carriers NADH and FADH2 then participate in the electron transport chain, which is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. In the electron transport chain, the electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred through a series of protein complexes, creating a flow of electrons that drives the synthesis of ATP. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Therefore, the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration is glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain, as stated in option a.
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Question
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?
a. glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
b. glycolysis, preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
c. glycolysis, electron transport chain, preparatory reaction
d. citric acid cycle, glycolysis, electron transport chain, preparatory reaction
e. citric acid cycle, electron transport, glycolysis, preparatory reaction
In DIRE need of help (will mark brainliest)
Enzymes are essential to the metabolic processes of a cell. Without enzymes, living organisms could not carry out chemical reactions at a speed that would sustain life.
A) Describe the structure and function of enzymes. Include a discussion of "induced fit".
B) Design an experiment by which you could test how adding increasing quantities of substrate would affect the rate of the enzymatic reaction. Predict what the results of the experiment would be and why.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Answer:
b i think
Explanation:
6 steps of genetic engineering
Answer:
Genetic engineering is accomplished in three basic steps.
These are
(1) The isolation of DNA fragments from a donor organism;
(2) The insertion of an isolated donor DNA fragment into a vector genome and
(3) The growth of a recombinant vector in an appropriate host.
Explanation:
Stages of genetic engineering include:
identify a section of DNA that contains the required gene from the source chromosome,extract required gene,insert a required gene into vector/bacterial plasmid,insert plasmid into the host cell,grow transformed cells to produce a GM organismGenetic engineering is a method of modifying or manipulating the DNA of organisms to change their characteristics or create new ones. Here are the six steps of genetic engineering:
1. Identification of target gene
2. Isolation of the target gene
3. Insertion of the target gene into a vector
4. Transformation of host cells
5. Selection and screening of transformed cell
6. Verification of gene expression
Finally, the expression of the target gene is verified to ensure that it is functioning properly and producing the desired trait or characteristic in the organism.
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bulbils are means of vegetative propogation?
Answer:
vegetative propagation by bulbils-;they are flesh eating Birds which are produced in the axils of leaves in place of axillary but these bulbils give rise to new plants when they fall on ground
More basic information :regeneration of new plant from the vegetative part of organ of the parent plant is called vegetative reproduction and propagation
vegetative reproduction and vegetative propagation is useful to spread the plant in wider region one some other plant get favourable condition it is then colonized to that reason of vegetative propagation
Answer:
They are flesh eating animals
Explanation:
hi hru hope it helps you
Current is the rate at which charges move through a
Answer:
Current I is the rate at which charge moves through an area A, such as the cross-section of a wire. Conventional current is defined to move in the direction of the electric field.
Why do globes lean sideways?
A.To allow them to spin easier
B.To demonstrate gravity
C.To demonstrate the passing of the seasons
D.To demonstrate the tilt of the Earth's axis
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Globes lean sideways To demonstrate the tilt of the Earth's axis. Option D is correct.
Globes lean sideways to demonstrate the tilt of the Earth's axis. The Earth is tilted on its axis by about 23.5 degrees. This tilt is what causes the changing seasons on Earth.
When a globe is tilted, it helps us visualize how different parts of the Earth receive different amounts of sunlight at different times of the year. For example, during the summer in the northern hemisphere, the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun, so it receives more direct sunlight and experiences warmer temperatures. At the same time, the South Pole is tilted away from the Sun, receiving less direct sunlight and experiencing winter.
By showing the tilt of the Earth's axis, globes help us understand why we have seasons and why they occur at different times in different parts of the world.
To summarize, globes lean sideways to demonstrate the tilt of the Earth's axis, which helps us understand the changing seasons on Earth. Option D is correct.
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Which of the following best explains why DNA fingerprints can be used to identify an individual, such as from a crime scene sample?
Group of answer choices
DNA is inherited from both maternal and paternal parents
DNA from 2 different species can be combined using restriction enzymes
DNA is used to make proteins during protein synthesis
Each individual has a unique DNA sequence, with the exception of identical twins
Answer:
4.
Explanation:
Everyone's DNA is unique unless they are identical twins or if you have some kind of transplant.
Of the following best explains why DNA fingerprints can be used to identify an individual, such as from a crime scene sample it is the situation that Each individual has a unique DNA sequence, with the exception of identical twins. The correct answer is option 4.
What are identical twins ?These are the babies that are formed from multiple fusion of gametes and resulting into double fertilization.
DNA is inherited from both maternal and paternal parents. Yes, it is so but the pattern is not same as it will be possible to get the idea of the pattern and analyse along with the prediction of the genome as only few % is predicted.
DNA is used to make proteins during protein synthesis and this situation is clearly correct too but the fact is that this is not helping in the case of DNA fingerprinting where it is not easy to firstly see the DNA pattern then the RNA and then the amino acids and then the proteins.
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What is the role of osmosis in the dialysis process?
Osmosis moves excess fluids from blood to the dialysate for removal.
-Osmosis moves excess fluids from dialysate to the blood to replenish the patient.
-Osmosis moves small waste molecules from blood to the dialysate for removal.
-Osmosis moves large components like blood cells and proteins to dialysate for removal.
what is osmosis?
osmosis is movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to solution with lower concentration of water molecules, through cell's partially permeable membrane
Any harmful substances will then diffuse into dialysis fluid from blood vessels in peritoneum. Because dialysis fluid contains sugar or substances similar to sugar, excess water is also removed from blood by osmosis.
The spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through semipermeable membrane (one that blocks passage of dissolved substances
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3. If a mutation occurs on a segment of DNA that codes
for an enzyme, what is most likely to happen to the
enzyme?
A amino acid that is synthesized changes as a result, which may alter the structure of an enzyme's active site.
What is an easy way to define enzyme?A biological catalyst called an enzyme is usually always a protein. It promotes a certain chemical reaction inside the organism. The enzyme is continuously employed during the process and is not destroyed.
What is an example of an enzyme?Several instances include: Lipases: This class of digestive enzymes aids in the breakdown of lipids in the gastrointestinal tract. Hydrolyzes: Enzymes assists in the transformation of starches to sugars inside the salivary. The salivary enzyme maltose breaks down the sugar malted grains into glucose.
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Quick Question: Is water wet?
ion know lol
..............
What is genetic drift n how can it occur
Answer: Typically, genetic drift occurs in small populations, where infrequently-occurring alleles face a greater chance of being lost. Once it begins, genetic drift will continue until the involved allele is either lost by a population or is the only allele present at a particular gene.
Which motion of particles across a membrane requires energy
Active transport
Explanation: There are two major ways that molecules can be moved across a membrane, and the distinction has to do with whether or not cell energy is used. Passive mechanisms like diffusion use no energy, while active transport requires energy to get done.
Happy to help; have a great day! :)
Answer:
the answer is b
Explanation:
i did the test