What happens when caldesmon is phosphorylated in smooth muscle?

Answers

Answer 1

Phosphorylation of caldesmon in smooth muscle leads to relaxation of the muscle fibers.

This is because phosphorylated caldesmon has a decreased affinity for actin, allowing for myosin to bind and cross-bridge cycling to occur more easily.

Caldesmon is a regulatory protein found in smooth muscle cells that binds to actin and inhibits actomyosin interactions, preventing muscle contraction. Phosphorylation of caldesmon by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) or protein kinase C (PKC) decreases its affinity for actin, reducing its inhibitory effect and promoting muscle relaxation.

This occurs because phosphorylated caldesmon undergoes a conformational change that exposes its actin-binding sites, allowing for myosin to bind and initiate cross-bridge cycling more easily. This ultimately leads to the relaxation of the smooth muscle fibers.

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Related Questions

the pons develops from an embryonic secondary brain vesicle called the: _________

Answers

The pons develops from an embryonic secondary brain vesicle called the

metencephalon.

What is the metencephalon?

The metencephalon is described as the embryonic portion of the hindbrain and  differentiates into the pons and cerebellum, and contains part of the fourth ventricle.

The metencephalon consists of the pons and the cerebellum.

The myelencephalon (spinal cord-like) consists of the open and closed medulla, sensory and motor nuclei, projection of sensory and motor pathways, and some cranial nerve nuclei. The caudal end of the myelencephalon develops into the spinal cord.

Therefore, we can conclude that the the embryonic hindbrain divides into the Metencephalon and the  myelencephalon.

The  Metencephalon  has the function of being involved in motor control and sensory analysis, acting as the sensory and motor relay center.

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1. Which resource would best be categorized as inexhaustible?
a. oil reserves
b. fisheries
c. solar energy
d. forests
e. coal reserves

Answers

Answer:C

Explanation:

The Sun will illuminate us for billions years whereas the rest of the answer choices can be exhausted and used up completely.

Solar Energy would best be categorized as inexhaustible. So, the correct option is (C).

What are Renewable and Non-Renewable resources?

Resources are divided as renewable or non-renewable. A renewable resource can renew itself at the rate it is used, while a non-renewable resource has a limited supply. Examples of renewable resources are timber, wind and solar while non-renewable resources are coal and natural gas.

Renewable energy is the energy which can be used repeatedly and it is renewed again after a short period of time which is defined as the type of energy resources that can be renewed naturally. Renewable sources of energy can replace the conventional sources of energy which produce harmful gases which are harmful as well as costly.

Non-renewable resources are those which cannot be reused or reproduced, it is used only once and takes a long time to reproduce. These are also not good for the environment. Burning fossil fuels harms our environment.

Thus, Solar Energy would best be categorized as inexhaustible. So, the correct option is (C).

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you may have read in world weekly news of an animal alleged to be the hybrid of a rabbit and a cat. given that the cat (felis domesticus) has a diploid chromosome number of 38 and a rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) has a diploid chromosome number of 44, what would be the expected chromosome number in the somatic tissues of this alleged hybrid?

Answers

41 would be the expected chromosome number in the somatic tissues of this alleged hybrid.

A chromosome is a lengthy DNA molecule that contains some or all of an organism's genetic material. The extremely long thin DNA strands in most chromosomes are wrapped by packing proteins; the most essential of these proteins in eukaryotic cells are the histones. These proteins, with the help of chaperone proteins, bind to and compress the DNA molecule in order to keep it intact. These chromosomes have a complicated three-dimensional structure that is important in transcriptional control.

Only during the metaphase of cell division are chromosomes visible under a light microscope (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form).

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gaseous exchange in an insect​

Answers

Answer:

The Spiracles is/are used for gaseous exchange in insects.

Explanation:

The Spiracles is a respiratory structure or an opening found on the exoskeleton of insects. It acts as a medium of gaseous exchange not only for Insects (Insecta) but also for some Arachnid (spiders and others).

question 10 the decline of mpf activity at the end of mitosis is due to the destruction of the protein kinase cdk. the accumulation of cyclin. the degradation of cyclin. decreased synthesis of cdk.

Answers

The decline of MPF (mitosis promoting factor) activity at the end of mitosis is due to the degradation of cyclin. Cyclin is an important protein that binds to and activates the protein kinase cdk (cyclin-dependent kinase), which in turn promotes cell division.


During the cell cycle, MPF (Maturation-Promoting Factor) activity increases and decreases, regulating the progression of the cell through different phases. MPF is composed of two subunits: a protein kinase called CDK (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase) and a regulatory protein called cyclin. As mitosis progresses, the cyclin levels increase, which activates MPF. However, at the end of mitosis, cyclin is degraded, leading to a decline in MPF activity. This degradation of cyclin ensures that the cell can exit mitosis and continue with the next phase of the cell cycle.

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What would happen if the earth gained .5% more oxygen

Answers

Answer:

answer: we

all die the end

Cancer-causing mutations to proto-oncogenes result in: Group of answer choices apoptosis. increased cell division. production of monoclonal antibodies. decreased cell responsiveness to growth factors.

Answers

Cancer-causing mutations to proto-oncogenes result in increased cell division. Cancer is a disorder characterized by the abnormal growth and proliferation of cells within the body.

The development of cancer often stems from genetic mutations that occur in the DNA of cells.                                                                  Among these mutations, certain genes known as oncogenes play a crucial role.                                                                                              Oncogenes are derived from normal genes called proto-oncogenes, which typically regulate and control cell growth and division.                                                                                                                                                                                                       Through various genetic alterations, proto-oncogenes can be transformed into oncogenes.                                                                When these mutations occur, they disrupt the normal regulatory mechanisms of cell growth and lead to uncontrolled cell division, a key characteristic of cancer.                                                                                                                                                                       The presence of cancer-causing mutations in proto-oncogenes prompts an aberrant increase in cellular proliferation.        These mutations can be acquired through various means, including exposure to carcinogens, inherited genetic predispositions, or errors in DNA replication.                                                                                                                                               Once proto-oncogenes are converted into oncogenes, they drive the accelerated growth and reproduction of cells, contributing to the development and progression of cancer.                                                                                                           Therefore, cancer-causing mutations in proto-oncogenes disrupt the normal regulation of cell division, leading to increased cell proliferation.

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quizlet how the development of xenografts can be a practical solution to organ availability or shortage

Answers

Quizlet discusses the development of xenografts as a practical solution to organ availability or shortage.

The development of xenografts is explored as a practical solution to address the limited availability of organs for transplantation.

Xenografts refer to the transplantation of organs or tissues from one species to another, typically from animals to humans.

The use of xenografts aims to alleviate the shortage of organs by utilizing animal organs that are similar in function and structure to human organs.

The process involves genetic modification and immunosuppressive techniques to reduce the risk of rejection and improve compatibility between the transplanted organ and the recipient.

By exploring the development of xenografts, researchers and medical professionals aim to overcome the limitations of human organ availability, which is often insufficient to meet the demand for organ transplantation.

The potential benefits of xenografts include the potential for a larger pool of organs, reduced waiting times for patients in need, and improved outcomes in organ transplantation.

However, the use of xenografts also presents challenges and ethical considerations, including the risk of infectious diseases and immunological complications.

Ongoing research and advancements in the field aim to address these challenges and optimize the practicality and safety of xenografts as a solution to organ availability or shortage.

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Do you think it is useful to use animals or plants in order to research DNA?

Answers

i personally think its useful to increase our knowlege of plants and animals

DNA is always tuned on all the time in all of your cells true or false

Answers

The answer for this is true :)

Answer:

true

Explanation:

i just did this last period

help asap 20 pts and branliest

Define the following adaptations and provide at least one example: Definition Example Camouflage Mimicry Warning Coloration

Answers

Answer:

Alright.

Explanation:

Camouflage!

'Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see or by disguising them as something else.'

(If it's not that then it's most likely Mimicry-)

PLZ HELP I WILL GIVE 25 POINTS AND BRAINLIEST!

PLZ HELP I WILL GIVE 25 POINTS AND BRAINLIEST!

Answers

Answer: C

Explanation:

complete mitosis in shorter time

ILL GIVE BRAINLIST IF YOU AWSER THIS SOLAR ECLIPSE QUESTION!!!!!

Which of the following happens during a solar eclipse?

Earth, the moon, and the sun form a triangle.

Earth comes between the sun and the moon.

The moon appears red.

The moon casts a shadow on Earth.

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:

how do different species of animals and plants provide necessary resources and services to human

Answers

Different species of animals and plants play crucial roles in providing necessary resources and services to humans. They contribute to various aspects of our lives, including food production, medicine, ecosystem services, and cultural values.

One of the most fundamental ways animals and plants provide resources is through food production. Domesticated animals such as cattle, poultry, and fish are raised for meat, eggs, and dairy products, while crops like grains, fruits, and vegetables provide essential nutrients. These food sources sustain human populations and support our nutritional needs.

Additionally, many plants and animals have medicinal properties and are used in traditional and modern medicine. Plants produce a vast array of compounds that have therapeutic effects, and animals such as insects, snakes, and marine organisms contribute to the development of pharmaceutical drugs. These natural resources have been invaluable in treating diseases, relieving symptoms, and improving human health.

Moreover, animals and plants provide essential ecosystem services. Trees and plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis and contribute to carbon sequestration, helping to mitigate climate change. Pollinators such as bees and butterflies facilitate plant reproduction and support agricultural productivity. Wetlands and forests filter water, regulate floods, and provide habitats for diverse species.

Lastly, animals and plants hold cultural significance and contribute to our aesthetic and recreational enjoyment. Many species are celebrated in art, literature, and folklore, and they provide inspiration and spiritual connections for different cultures around the world. Observing wildlife, gardening, and recreational activities in natural environments contributes to human well-being and provides a sense of connection to the natural world.

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Which phrase best describes meiosis I? Choose the correct answer.


fusion of sister chromatids

creation of two diploid cells

duplication of paired chromosomes

division of homologous chromosomes

Answers

Answer:

Creation of to diploid cells

Explanation:

yeh

3. when the biceps is used to lower the elbow to a straight position, it is called _______.

Answers

When the biceps is used to lower the elbow to a straight position, it is called eccentric extension.

What is eccentric extension?Eccentric extension is the slowing down of body movements when you try to resist gravity.These involve lengthening muscle contractions which are specific for a muscle.When you are squatting, the slow motion of you going from a standing position to sitting one is an example of eccentric contraction.Examples of eccentric contraction for the bicep muscles include extension of elbow during a bicep curl and lowering of the forearm away from the shoulder. Our body muscles are stronger in the lengthening (eccentric) phase of its motion, as compared to the shortening (concentric) phase.

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What is the term used to describe a metabolic pathway that breaks apart glucose anaerobically to produce a small amount of ATP and pyruvate?1) glycolysis2) cellular respiration3) fermentation4) Citric Acid Cycle5) Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answers

Solution:

Remember that, fermentation is an incomplete oxidation process, which does not require oxygen, and whose final product is an organic compound and ATP. So that, we can conclude that the correct answer is:

FERMENTATION

What happens to a spermatid to change it into a sperm cell?
O Meiosis occurs, making a cell with n chromosomes.
The nuclei of two polar bodies fuse, making a cell with 2n chromosomes.
O A tail is added, making the sperm a motile cell.
O Amembrane hardens, making the sperm a nonmotile cell.

Answers

A tail is added, making the sperm a motile cell.

Sperm does not become spermatozoa (what we think of when we think of sperm) until the formation of the tail.

PLEASE HELP I'M BEING TIMED!!!!!
Chromatids are
Group of answer choices

prokaryotic nuclei.

dense patches within the nucleus.

bacterial chromosomes.

duplicate halves of a chromosome.

Answers

Answer:

D.Duplicate halves of a chromosome

The variable that is the same between the control group and the experimental group is? 1. The control variable. 2. The dependent variable. 3. The measured variable. 4. The independent variable.

Answers

Answer:

1. The control variable

Help organize this food chain

Help organize this food chain

Answers

Tomato Worm

                                  Hope it helps with your question!

after two weeks, the scientists measured the increase in body fat in the mice. they also determined the amount of energy (in kcal/g) in the feces of both groups -- that is, the energy in the food molecules that was not extracted or absorbed by the mice. what experimental results would support the scientists' hypothesis? label the bars on the graphs to match the results predicted by the hypothesis.

Answers

Body fat of the lean germ-free mice that received microbes from genetically obese mice increases and their feces contains less energy food will support the scientists' hypothesis.

Since the researchers are determining whether or not microorganisms in the gut community are responsible for obtaining energy from meals, supplying additional calories to the host, and encouraging the development of greater fat deposits, they used obese mice.

Less body fat and more energy food in the feces of the lean germ-free mice that received microbes from genetically lean mice support their claim; that genetics may be a reason while the microbes in the obese mice absorb food, extract energy, and deposit fat in their host. An increase in body fat in the lean germ-free group that received microbes from the genetically obese donors will prove their claim.

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Where dose mass of a willow tree come from

Answers

Answer:

So where does the mass come from? The mass of a tree is primarily carbon. The carbon comes from carbon dioxide used during photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants convert the sun's energy into chemical energy which is captured within the bonds of carbon molecules built from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water.

Explanation:

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Explain the relationship between mutations adaptations, natural selection
and extinction

Explain the relationship between mutations adaptations, natural selectionand extinction

Answers

Answer:

Natural selection is where positive traits survive more, allowing those to become more common. Mutation is where radioactivity changes genes in a random way. Natural selection allows positive mutation to become more common. Adaptation is where natural selection works for a species specifically more a new habitat.

Explanation:

Which metalloid has five valence electrons in the fourth electron shell?

antimony
germanium
selenium
arsenic

Answers

The answer is arsenic. Hope this helped

Answer:

Arsenic

Explanation:

took test on edg. :)

cells secrete hydrochloric acid as well as intrinsic factor which is necessary for the absorption of

Answers

Is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. Chief cells, Located primarily in the basal areas of gastric glands are chief cells, which secrete pepsinogen, the inactive proenzyme form of pepsin.

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor which is secreted by the stomach in order to be absorbed?

Intrinsic factor is a protein that aids intestines absorb vitamin B12. It is created by cells in the stomach lining.

Thus,  Chief cells,Located primarily in the basal areas of gastric glands are chief cells, which perspire pepsinogen, the inactive proenzyme form of pepsin.

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Which of the following workers is a maintenance staff member?

Which of the following workers is a maintenance staff member?

Answers

E because his job is what the question describes

Which is the best way to describe the bio diversity of an area?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

all the different kinds of life you'll find in one area the variety of animals, plants,fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world .

which of the following statements best explains how the genes for antibiotic resistance can be transmitted between bacteria without the exchange of bacterial chromosomal dna dna ? responses the antibiotic-resistant bacteria release a hormone that signals neighboring bacteria to become resistant. the antibiotic-resistant bacteria release a hormone that signals neighboring bacteria to become resistant. the genes for antibiotic resistance are located on a plasmid that can be passed to neighboring bacteria. the genes for antibiotic resistance are located on a plasmid that can be passed to neighboring bacteria. the antibiotic-resistant bacteria are the result of bacteria that specifically modify their own chromosomal dna dna to neutralize the antibiotics. the antibiotic-resistant bacteria are the result of bacteria that specifically modify their own chromosomal d n a to neutralize the antibiotics. the antibiotic alters the bacterial genome of each bacterium, which results in an antibiotic-resistant population.

Answers

The statement that best explains how the genes for antibiotic resistance can be transmitted between bacteria without the exchange of bacterial chromosomal DNA is "the genes for antibiotic resistance are located on a plasmid that can be passed to neighboring bacteria."

In general , the Plasmids are considered as the smallest, circular pieces of DNA which is capable of replicating independently from the bacterial chromosome also they can be transferred between bacteria through the process of conjugation.

Also , Plasmids contains genes with the selective advantage to the bacteria, also known as antibiotic resistance genes. Hence,  when a bacteria is carrying a plasmid with antibiotic resistance genes they conjugates with another bacterium. These plasmid can make another bacterium antibiotic resistant.

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What are the parts inside the cell?

Answers

Answer: these are diffent things in a cell

Explanation:

Plasma membrane, channel / pores, cell wall and plasmodesmata, septum and pores, cell capsule, nucleus, DNA, nucleoid, plasmid, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, mitochondrion, chloroplast only found in plants, vesicles, peroxisomes, lysosomes, vacuole, microtubule, microtubules, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, bacterial pili, and flagellum

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